Two opposing scenarios,
the "arboreal" hypothesis and
the "cursorial" hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5) cerning the origins of bird flight.
The "arboreal" hypothesis holds
that bird ancestors began to fly
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping flight evolved and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive
Sense, but certain aspects are
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few
meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvious
features of gliders, such as
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
The "cursorial"(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small
dinosaurs ran along the ground
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudimentary
feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm's
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could
(55) have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradually
achieved. Of course, a leap
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate theropod
dinosaur ancestors of
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
agile, lightly built, long-legged,
and good runners. And because
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.
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The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine
the arboreal hypothesis?
A. Feathers tend to become larger over time
B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D. Plants in Archaeopteryx's known habitats were relatively small
E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a
tree
IMO: D
With POE, I got down to C and D.
I am not able to justify why answer choice C is wrong.
The line no. 36 does mention about the small animals and their ability to climb trees , this may undermine 'arboreal hypothesis'.
Can anyone help me to answer my silly query of what can be the reason to eliminate answer choice C?
RC - Two hypothesis - Weaken Question
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- hja379
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The passage mentions small animals to make a point that climbing tree alone does not equal to flying.
Goats and kangaroos might not have even existed during the period of Archaeopteryx. I don't think
choice C undermines the arboreal hypothesis.
What is the OA?
Goats and kangaroos might not have even existed during the period of Archaeopteryx. I don't think
choice C undermines the arboreal hypothesis.
What is the OA?
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Both the options C and D undermine the arboreal hypothesis .
Option C says that that period had small trees , so gliding from trees isnt the option , that directly doubts the arboreal hypothesis .
Now option D says that small animals were also able to climb trees , but infact acc to C if the trees were not large enough then how wud small animals glide ?
So the degree of undermining is more for D .
Hope you get my point.
Option C says that that period had small trees , so gliding from trees isnt the option , that directly doubts the arboreal hypothesis .
Now option D says that small animals were also able to climb trees , but infact acc to C if the trees were not large enough then how wud small animals glide ?
So the degree of undermining is more for D .
Hope you get my point.
Thanks & Regards,
AIM GMAT
AIM GMAT
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I guess its D since both C and D undermine the arboreal hypothesis but as per the passage many small animals are able to climb trees even "Goats and Kangaroos" can climb trees...hence it may be possible that small animals were able to climb trees in those times.
But as per D there were trees taller than a few metres where the fossils of arboreal ancestors have been found ...there is no other fact which undermines the short tree evidence hence IMO D beats C...
whats the OA?
But as per D there were trees taller than a few metres where the fossils of arboreal ancestors have been found ...there is no other fact which undermines the short tree evidence hence IMO D beats C...
whats the OA?
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IMO C
Perhaps
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few
meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. --- Means the plants were very small and they could easily climb them. Perhaps these plants were taller than them.[/b]
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) -- Here the author says that despite the fact that these plants were small, some animals did manage to climb (like the small animals)
Since the passage already states the animals were small, you should infer from the first part and undermine the author's argument.
Perhaps
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few
meters in the environments where
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. --- Means the plants were very small and they could easily climb them. Perhaps these plants were taller than them.[/b]
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) -- Here the author says that despite the fact that these plants were small, some animals did manage to climb (like the small animals)
Since the passage already states the animals were small, you should infer from the first part and undermine the author's argument.
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I believe the answer is D.
Why is C incorrect? Because it doesn't undermine the hypothesis. The passage states
Why is C incorrect? Because it doesn't undermine the hypothesis. The passage states
Your bolded section statesThe "arboreal" hypothesis holds
that bird ancestors began to fly
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding
Obviously this undermines the hypothesis. However (C) just says "many small animals are capable of climbing trees" which, in and of itself is neutral (or possibly supports) the hypothesis. This answer is, as the CR Bible calls it, a shell game (presenting something from the passage that is slightly tweaked or leaves out some crucial detail)(Many small animals...
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.
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It's not a tough choice, unless you make it one by second guessing yourself instead of aggressively eliminating. ldoolitt got it right: the fact that small animals can climb does not in and of itself undermine the arboreal hypothesis. For C to be correct, it needs to present the entire undermining fact: that many small animals can climb but cannot fly.tgou008 wrote:Wow this is a really tough choice between C and D, and I really don't think I can call it either way.
What is the source for this question and what is the OA?
Thanks
also, D is clearly a piece of evidence used to undermine the hypothesis - the earliest known bird did not have trees high enough to glide from, so it probably developed flight in a different way. Once you have D, there really is no reason to go and talk yourself into choosing a trap answer choice such as C.
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Actually D doesn't even weaken the stimulus. I mean just because there are no trees tall enough near the fossil doesn't mean that the bird couldn't climb tall trees elsewhere right?
C does a good job at weakening the argument. The author needs to prove both climbing and gliding to prove the first theory. He only succeeds at the climbing part. Answer choice C forces him to answer gliding part of the argument.
C does a good job at weakening the argument. The author needs to prove both climbing and gliding to prove the first theory. He only succeeds at the climbing part. Answer choice C forces him to answer gliding part of the argument.
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Climbing tree is not the license for flying or gliding
Follow your passion, Success as perceived by others shall follow you