Sentence Correction

|As the honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing| the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

a.
b. As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
c. The honeybee's stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes
d. The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.
e. The honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes the bee to sustain a fatal injury

IMO: D

D sounds the best.

As the honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

A. As the honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing
B. As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
C. The honeybee's stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes
D. The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing
E. The honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes

In A, this lacks a clear antecedent. Eliminate A.

B is not a complete sentence. Where are the subject and the verb? Eliminate B.

C and D each state that the stinger...results in. The STINGER itself cannot result in something; only an ACTION can result in something. Eliminate C and D.

The correct answer is E.

Note that in the OA, the phrase with the result that the act of stinging causes the bee to sustain a fatal injury serves as an adverb modifying the preceding clause.

I agree E is correct.

But I am uneasy with "with" phrase in E.

anyone, pls, can explain the use of "with" phrase in E and in other cases.

how to use "with" phrase as an adverbial ? what is the meaning relation between the "with phrase" and the clause which is modified by "with" phrase?

pls, help explain.

Can I say

I learn gmat, with the situation that the competition for admission to MBA programs is hard.

"with" phrase can refer to NO NOUN in the main clause. is that right?

"with" phrase must have a logic meaning relation with the clause modified. pls, explain this meaning relation.

1) Comma+ WITH

is always an adverbial modifier that modifies the verb or adjective or adverb preceding it.

eg:- Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.

2) without comma :- just another prep modifier.

the dog with the white tail is my fav. [with modifies the noun dog]
the dog jumped over the aisle with ease. [the act of jumping is modified].

thanks,