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IMO: D

I will give you a short explanation to understand this sentence...

Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.


'Reared apart from each other' - modifies 'identical twins' and so it should be closer to 'identical twins'

'including many idiosyncrasies of behavior' - should modify the similarities and hence should be placed closer to 'similarities'.

Option D does it best. Also ' According to a study' modifies 'identical twins' very neatly not leaving any modifier error there.

So this sentence is a sheer case of modifier and nothing else. These all were Noun modifiers.

Hope this helps...

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A/B - modifier error
E - awkward meaning.

Whenever you are confused with two good options go with the one which is shorter. Shorter here do not refer to the word count. Lot of right sentences usually have short main clause.

D is better than C for the above reason.

identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities - main clause with two modifiers rightly placed whereas C conveys the same in an elaborate manner.

IMO D.

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Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

A. Reared apart from each other, a recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
B. Reared apart from each other, striking similarities between identical twins that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior were shown in a recent United States study.
C. A recent United States study showed striking similarities in identical twins reared apart from each other that include many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
D. According to a recent United States study, identical twins reared apart from each other showed striking similarities, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.
E. According to a recent United States study, identical twins showed striking similarities reared apart from each other, including many idiosyncrasies of behavior.

OA D confused btw C and D
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In C Pronoun "that" can refer to study,identical twins and similarities. But only "similarities" include idiosyncrasies of behaviour. So Option C is ruled out. Hence D is the best option as "including many idiosyncrasies of behaviour" is close to "similarities" and hence modifies it.

Cheers,
Shantanu Sharma