Reading Comprehension

According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.


Question#02:
Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?

(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

[spoiler]OA: C[/spoiler]

What was my analysis:

First paragraph: It has said that TQM can work with two older management systems.

Second Paragraph: It has said that TQM cannot be grafted into other management systems.

it is a contrast.

What is the flaw in my reasoning?

Experts, please explain.

Thanks.

Got wrong but realized what i did...

first para claim : TQM can be applied in wid 2 older mgmt systems..
Second says that TQM can not be used by simply grafting onto these system...

So, the application of TQM has been qualified/limited by the second paragraph...

It might seem like a contradiction, because the author uses the words However and Although. However (sic!), that's not the case.

In questions asking for relationships between one paragraph and the next, you should always try to re-read the last sentence of the first paragraph and the first sentence of the second paragraph:

1. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.

2. However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.

After reading these two statements, it should be clear to you that the statement to be qualified is that TQM is consistent with statistical sampling and social and psychological emphases etc. While TQM is consistent with all this, it cannot be considered equal to them, as paragraph two points out.