Reading Comprehension

Species interdependence in nature confers many benefits on the species involved, but it can also become a point of weakness when one species involved in the relationship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus, flowering plant species dependent on insect pollination, as opposed to self-pollination or wind pollination, could be endangered when the population of insect-pollinators is depleted by the use of pesticides.
In the forests of New Brunswick, for example, various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economically significant pest. Scientists have now investigated the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti-budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators. They studied Matacil's effects on insect mortality in a wide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecundity, expressed as the percentage of the total flowers on an individual plant that actually developed fruit and bore seeds. They found that the most pronounced mortality after the spraying of Matacil occurred among the smaller bees and one family of flies, insects that were all important pollinators of numerous species of plants growing beneath the tree canopy of forests. The fecundity of plants in one common indigenous species, the red-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced in the sprayed areas as compared to that of plants in control plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This species is highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulnerable to Matacil. The creeping dogwood, a species similar to the red-osier dogwood, but which is pollinated by large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no significant decline in fecundity. Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil, these results add weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensitive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.
The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered. Plant species dependent solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviously more vulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity that occurs, whatever its cause. If, on the other hand, vegetative growth and dispersal (by means of shoots or runners) are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a species, then decreases in plant fecundity may be of little consequence. The fecundity effects described here are likely to have the most profound impact on plant species with all four of the following characteristics: a short life span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity for vegetative propagation, and a dependence on a small number of insect-pollinator species. Perhaps we should give special attention to the conservation of such plant species since they lack key factors in their defenses against the environmental disruption caused by pesticide use.

1. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?

(A) Species interdependence is a point of weakness for some plants, but is generally beneficial to insects involved in pollination.
(B) Efforts to control the spruce budworm have had deleterious effects on the red-osier dogwood.
(C) The used of pesticides may be endangering certain plant species dependent on insects for pollination.
(D) The spraying of pesticides can reduce the fecundity of a plant species, but probably does not affect its overall population stability.
(E) Plant species lacking key factors in their defenses against human environmental disruption will probably become extinct.

2. According to the author, a flowering plant species whose fecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying may not experience an overall population decline if the plant species can do which of the following?

(A) Reproduce itself by means of shoots and runners.
(B) Survive to the end of the growing season.
(C) Survive in harsh climates.
(D) Respond to the fecundity decline by producing more flowers.
(E) Attract large insects as pollinators.

3. The passage suggests that the lack of an observed decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood strengthens the researchers conclusions regarding pesticide use because the

(A) creeping dogwood is a species that does not resemble other forest plants
(B) creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a broader range of inse ct species than are most dogwood species
(C) creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions that were not sprayed with pesticide, and so served as a control for the experiment
(D) creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier dogwood, but its insect pollinators are known to be insensitive to the pesticide used in the study
(E) geographical range of the creeping dogwood is similar to that of the red-osier dogwood, but the latter species relies less on seeds for reproduction

4. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the forest regions in New Brunswick sprayed with most anti-budworm pesticides other than Matacil?

(A) The fecundity of some flowering plants in those regions may have decreased to an even greater degree than in the regions where Matacil is used.
(B) Insect mortality in those regions occurs mostly among the larger species of insects, such as bumblebees.
(C) The number of seeds produced by common plant species in those regions is probably comparable to the number produced where Matacil is sprayed.
(D) Many more plant species have become extinct in those regions than in the regions where Matacil is used.
(E) The spruce budworm is under better control in those regions than in the regions where Matacil is sprayed.

5. It can be inferred that which of the following is true of plant fecundity as it is defined in the passage?

(A) A plant's fecundity decreases as the percentage of unpollinated flowers on the plant increases.
(B) A plant's fecundity decreases as the number of flowers produced by the plant decreases.
(C) A plant's fecundity increases as the number of flowers produced by the plant increases.
(D) A plant's fecundity is usually low if the plant relies on a small number of insect species for pollination.
(E) A plant's fecundity is high if the plant can reproduce quickly by means of vegetative growth as well as by the production of seeds.

6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following plant species would be LEAST likely to experience a decrease in fecundity as a result of the spraying of a pesticide not directly toxic to plants?

(A) A flowering tree pollinated by only a few insect species
(B) A kind of insect-pollinated vine producing few flowers
(C) A wind-pollinated flowering tree that is short-lived
(D) A flowering shrub pollinated by a large number of insect species
(E) A type of wildflower typically pollinated by larger insects

7. Which of the following assumptions most probably underlies the author's tentative recommendation in lines 51-54?

(A) Human activities that result in environmental disruption should be abandoned.
(B) The use of pesticides is likely to continue into the future.
(C) It is economically beneficial to preserve endangered plant species.
(D) Preventing the endangerment of a species is less costly than trying to save an already endangered one.
(E) Conservation efforts aimed at preserving a few well-chosen species are more cost-effective than are broader-based efforts to improve the environment.

1. C
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. B

1. The main point should be something that conveys the passage in its entirety.

A. Narrows to first few lines, and makes an unwarranted claim that it is beneficial to insects.
B. Too narrow - just one insect and one plant.
C. Exactly. This is what the author is trying to convey - pesticide use is affecting some species that depend on pollination.
D. This is tempting, but is narrower in scope than C by targeting plant fecundity, and is also vague in its "probably does not affect overall population stability". For the plants that do actually get affected, population stability may actually be affected.
E. Extinct is too extreme. "Human environmental disruption" too broad.

2. This is related to the 4 conditions that the author mentions. The one that clearly lacks one of these conditions may not experience an overall population decline.

A. If it can reproduce by itself, this is a clear reason that any effects of the pesticide on pollinating insects will not paralyze the plant. It would be able to manage by vegetative reproduction, which is one of the conditions mentioned.
B. Irrelevant
C. Irrelevant
D. Too vague - how do we know if these new flowers will pollinate?
E. Larger insects - does this ensure anything - what if these insects are also susceptible to the pesticides?

3. Creeping dogwood did not experience reduced fecundity. How did this strengthen the conclusion?

A. Irrelevant
B. Broader range of species - this is too vague and doesn't serve the purpose we need.
C. This is untrue.
D. Exactly. This species was pollinated by larger insects that were not affected by the pesticides, hence protecting it from loss of fecundity. This served as a clear comparison with the other species pollinated by smaller, susceptible insects.
E. Untrue - distorted facts.

4. This refers to the first line of the second paragraph which says, "....various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economically significant pest. Scientists have now investigated the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti-budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators...."

A. Exactly. If Matacil is the "least toxic", then these other pesticides would have been even more toxic to the insect pollinators, thus the fecundity of these plants may have decreased even more.
B. No context of this in passage.
C. Unbased - no reference to this in the passage.
D. Too extreme - extinction is out of scope. We are only talking about endangered.
E. Not justified by any context in the passage.

5. Plant fecundity = (No. of flowers that result in seeds/fruit) / (Total no. of flowers)

A. It can be inferred that these flowers that become seeds/fruit are the ones that are pollinated. So if unpollinated flowers increase => pollinated flowers have decreased => fecundity decreased. Perfect.
B. The percentage may remain the same if total no. of flowers changeds.
C. Ditto.
D. Fecundity is affected only if pesticides affect the insects, so not generally true.
E. Not necessarily. We don't know about fecundity of such plants in comparison to others.

6. Again we are looking for a plant species that wont be affected by pesticide use. This is one that doesn't depend on insects in any way for its reproduction. This straight away points to option C. Move on.

7. I'm assuming the lines are : "Perhaps we should give special attention to the conservation of such plant species since they lack key factors in their defenses against the environmental disruption caused by pesticide use. "

You need to prephrase an assumption so you don't get this one wrong. It is clear that the author feels that pesticide use will continue, and thus measures need to be taken to protect certain plant species against its effects.

This points straight to option B. A is too extreme, and C,D and E talk about cost which is completely out of scope.

albatross86 wrote:1. The main point should be something that conveys the passage in its entirety.

A. Narrows to first few lines, and makes an unwarranted claim that it is beneficial to insects.
B. Too narrow - just one insect and one plant.
C. Exactly. This is what the author is trying to convey - pesticide use is affecting some species that depend on pollination.
D. This is tempting, but is narrower in scope than C by targeting plant fecundity, and is also vague in its "probably does not affect overall population stability". For the plants that do actually get affected, population stability may actually be affected.
E. Extinct is too extreme. "Human environmental disruption" too broad.

2. This is related to the 4 conditions that the author mentions. The one that clearly lacks one of these conditions may not experience an overall population decline.

A. If it can reproduce by itself, this is a clear reason that any effects of the pesticide on pollinating insects will not paralyze the plant. It would be able to manage by vegetative reproduction, which is one of the conditions mentioned.
B. Irrelevant
C. Irrelevant
D. Too vague - how do we know if these new flowers will pollinate?
E. Larger insects - does this ensure anything - what if these insects are also susceptible to the pesticides?

3. Creeping dogwood did not experience reduced fecundity. How did this strengthen the conclusion?

A. Irrelevant
B. Broader range of species - this is too vague and doesn't serve the purpose we need.
C. This is untrue.
D. Exactly. This species was pollinated by larger insects that were not affected by the pesticides, hence protecting it from loss of fecundity. This served as a clear comparison with the other species pollinated by smaller, susceptible insects.
E. Untrue - distorted facts.

4. This refers to the first line of the second paragraph which says, "....various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economically significant pest. Scientists have now investigated the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti-budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators...."

A. Exactly. If Matacil is the "least toxic", then these other pesticides would have been even more toxic to the insect pollinators, thus the fecundity of these plants may have decreased even more.
B. No context of this in passage.
C. Unbased - no reference to this in the passage.
D. Too extreme - extinction is out of scope. We are only talking about endangered.
E. Not justified by any context in the passage.

5. Plant fecundity = (No. of flowers that result in seeds/fruit) / (Total no. of flowers)

A. It can be inferred that these flowers that become seeds/fruit are the ones that are pollinated. So if unpollinated flowers increase => pollinated flowers have decreased => fecundity decreased. Perfect.
B. The percentage may remain the same if total no. of flowers changeds.
C. Ditto.
D. Fecundity is affected only if pesticides affect the insects, so not generally true.
E. Not necessarily. We don't know about fecundity of such plants in comparison to others.

6. Again we are looking for a plant species that wont be affected by pesticide use. This is one that doesn't depend on insects in any way for its reproduction. This straight away points to option C. Move on.

7. I'm assuming the lines are : "Perhaps we should give special attention to the conservation of such plant species since they lack key factors in their defenses against the environmental disruption caused by pesticide use. "

You need to prephrase an assumption so you don't get this one wrong. It is clear that the author feels that pesticide use will continue, and thus measures need to be taken to protect certain plant species against its effects.

This points straight to option B. A is too extreme, and C,D and E talk about cost which is completely out of scope.

Hey your explanations are too good....Thanks for prompt replies.