In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, unlike homesteading policies in the American West that required residency on the land itself in order to obtain eventual ownership.
(A) In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, unlike homesteading policies in the American West that
(B) In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and from which they commuted to farmlands in the countryside, but in the American West homesteading policies
(C) Unlike feudal Europe where urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, the American West's homesteading policies
(D) Unlike feudal Europe where urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, the homesteading policies of the American West
(E) Urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived from which they commuted to farmlands in the countryside in feudal Europe, unlike the American West where homesteading policies
Q/a-b why not c
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Ankitaverma
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This question is testing comparisons.Ankitaverma wrote:In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, unlike homesteading policies in the American West that required residency on the land itself in order to obtain eventual ownership.
(A) In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, unlike homesteading policies in the American West that
(B) In feudal Europe, urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and from which they commuted to farmlands in the countryside, but in the American West homesteading policies
(C) Unlike feudal Europe where urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, the American West's homesteading policies
(D) Unlike feudal Europe where urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived and commuted to farmlands in the countryside, the homesteading policies of the American West
(E) Urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived from which they commuted to farmlands in the countryside in feudal Europe, unlike the American West where homesteading policies
Q/a-b why not c
Like X..., Y...
Unlike X..., Y...
X and Y must be parallel in the above comparisons.
A,C, and D are incorrect because they are comparing feudal Europe with homesteading policies.
E is incorrect because it compares urban areas with American West.
B perfectly compares feudal Europe with American West.
So the correct answer is B
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Ali Tariq
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received pm to address a querry-
If prepositional phrase modifies verb, it means it serves the purpose of adverb.
Can prep phrase serve the purpose of adverb?
Yes!
adverbs answer
How?
Where?
When?
etc
from clusters of houses where peasents lived.
Same structure in an official SC:
trunk evolved, How?
or
How trunk evolved?
as a kind of snorkel
as when followd by a noun/ noun equivalent serves the purpose of prep phrase.
Please note as can also serve as subordinator;however, when followed by noun, it serves the purpose of prep phrase as has been mentioned
sir,iam not able to understand ,how can 'developed' be verb here as the subject is not the doer and it is also followed by preposition,kindly explain
Subject + verb--> if verb is an action verb, then the doer of action is subject.how can 'developed' be verb here as the subject is not the doer
Subject + verb--> if verb is not action verb, and is followed by a prepositional phrase, this prepositional phrase must modify verb.and it is also followed by preposition
Here, developed is not an action verb.B) urban areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived
If prepositional phrase modifies verb, it means it serves the purpose of adverb.
Can prep phrase serve the purpose of adverb?
Yes!
adverbs answer
How?
Where?
When?
etc
How areas developed?B) areas developed from clusters of houses where peasants lived
from clusters of houses where peasents lived.
Same structure in an official SC:
In OA--> trunk evolved as a kind of snorkelAustralian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
(A) that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved
(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving
(C) suggesting that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal with its trunk originally evolving
(D) to suggest that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally evolving
(E) to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved
OA E
trunk evolved, How?
or
How trunk evolved?
as a kind of snorkel
as when followd by a noun/ noun equivalent serves the purpose of prep phrase.
Please note as can also serve as subordinator;however, when followed by noun, it serves the purpose of prep phrase as has been mentioned
sir,kindly elaborate.iam struggling to understand this .i always thought verb ed accompanying a noun esp a noun that dont do the action is ed modifier but this is first time iam witnessing such an aberration.
A company founded on sound business principles achieves ....
The lamp decorated with stars filled ....... why founded and decorated here as an verbed modifier even though both followed by preposition
A company founded on sound business principles achieves ....
The lamp decorated with stars filled ....... why founded and decorated here as an verbed modifier even though both followed by preposition
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Ali Tariq
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Let me try to simplify as much as i can-sir,kindly elaborate.iam struggling to understand this .i always thought verb ed accompanying a noun esp a noun that dont do the action is ed modifier but this is first time iam witnessing such an aberration.
Noun + Verbed
Verbed need not always be an action.
Verbed can be a state, state of being.
Actions are ascribed to people( or other organisms ) or some other agents(including nature-lighting struck 8 people).
In all these cases, Verbed represents action.
States, on the other hand, describe state of being of noun ( in Noun + Verbed structure).
Further, states change on their own with the passage of time.
Time passed, plants grow as a result.
Time passed, humans evolved.
Time passed, most species evolved.
Time passed, elephant's trunk evolved.
Time passed, civilizations developed.
Time passed, communities developed.
Time passed, urban areas developed, similarly.
Who developed urban areas?
No one. They developed (on their own, with the passage of time)****
How?
from clusters of houses where peasants lived...
Similarly, who evolved elephant's trunk?
No one. It evolved (on its own, with the passage of time)
How?
as a kind of snorkel.
A company founded on sound business principles achieves ....
founded-->verbed
Is founded action or state of a company, which will change on its own with the passage of time?
founded, clearly, is not state.
If founded is an action, then someone must have performed that action. Right?
From contextual information, it is clear that some person must have founded the company. Right? (founders are people)
Can company found itself?
No.
Who founded?
Some one must have.It cannot be founded on its own, with the passage of time.
Therefore, the action founded cannot be ascribed to company.
It can be ascribed to some person.
However, that person is not mentioned in the sentence because, say, it was not important who founded the company. We are not concerned with it.
As action founded cannot be ascribed to company, it is a modifier and not a verb.
However, founded can be a verb in someother context-
Along with his brothers, Ali founded a GMAT prep company called Prepvista, which focuses on SC .
Now repeat all the above thought process on this sentence and the ones below -
The lamp decorated with stars filled...
Elephant's trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
P.S:****
If you argue that humans developed urban areas.
I will say humans inhabit areas (or urban areas in this case).
Because of human's inhabition, areas developed.
Semantics of english language at play here?
Probably, therefore it will not be an issue in SC.
Such nuances will not be decision maker.
That is why, in this SC , you don't have areas were developed vs areas developed.
However, it doesnot mean that active verb vs passive verb is not an issue in SC. it is. If you have grasped the concept, you will be able to spot the distinction.
In OA--> trunk evolved as a kind of snorkelAli Tariq wrote:
Same structure in an official SC:
Australian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
(A) that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved
(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving
(C) suggesting that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal with its trunk originally evolving
(D) to suggest that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally evolving
(E) to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved
OA E
trunk evolved, How?
or
How trunk evolved?
as a kind of snorkel
as when followd by a noun/ noun equivalent serves the purpose of prep phrase.
Please note as can also serve as subordinator;however, when followed by noun, it serves the purpose of prep phrase as has been mentioned[/quote]
Could you explain please if there is anything else wrong with B apart from the following things.
- that has suggested the...' doesn't imply the reporting role of ' suggest that....'
-its trunk evolving....(it is rightly modifiying the main clause but suggests as if this action is stilloccurring[its trunk is still evolving]
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Ali Tariq
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No!- that has suggested the...' doesn't imply the reporting role of ' suggest that....'
Omission of that is not a good decision point here since it is neither an issue of grammar nor is it an issue of meaning; It is just an issue of style or efficient writing to avoid any confusion.
Grammar and meaning issues are tested in GMAT SC, and thus are decision points, whereas style issues are not tested and thus are not decision points.
(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving
suggested is a reporting verb.
What follows suggested is a noun clause serving as an object of suggested.
In that kind of a situation, it is perfectly acceptable to omit that.
Earlier, we had precedence in official materials ( in this kind of situation) with reporting verb said.
Now, we have instances in which that was dropped even for reporting verbs such as announced and believe .
The reason in such instances is same: dropping that alters neither grammar nor meaning.
(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving
No!its trunk evolving....it is rightly modifiying the main clause but suggests as if this action is stilloccurring[its trunk is still evolving]
Though it correctly refers to the subject (the elephant), this type of modifier( absolute phrase) must also modify the clause in which it is placed.
the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel.
The phrase its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel correctly refers to the elephant;.
It , however, doesnot modify the clause properly.
How ?
How did the elephant descend from an aquatic animal?
its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel
Why ?
Why did the elephant descend from an aquatic animal?
its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel
...does not make sense.
Here is the one from official material with same construction-
Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, its 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
Why?
Why has Europa long been considered far too cold to support life?
its 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
... makes sense.
its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkelbut suggests as if this action is stilloccurring[its trunk is still evolving
evolving is an adjective ( present participle).
originally is an adverb modifying evolving.
Grammatically no issues; however, meaning wise a huge one:
Verbing connotes contemporaneous action; that means we cannot change time frame.
originally, which modifies evolving here, shifts the timeframe furthur back on timeline.
In GMAT SC, it is called contradiction or contradictory set of words.[1]
Footnotes
[1] There was an official SC whose OA contradicted the mentioned rule/ guideline.
It however, is considered by almost everyone in GMAT community as a badly editted one.
Ali Tariq wrote:In addition to absolute phrases, do modifiers including participial, prepositional and appositive, apart from modifying the noun/noun phrase, also modify the clause in which they are placed ?(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolvingNo!its trunk evolving....it is rightly modifiying the main clause but suggests as if this action is stilloccurring[its trunk is still evolving]
Though it correctly refers to the subject (the elephant), this type of modifier( absolute phrase) must also modify the clause in which it is placed.
for instance:
Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a
"population bottleneck"-at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their
numbers and thus our genetic variation.
A. at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers
B. that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers
C. that some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event so that their numbers were greatly
reduced,
D. some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event from which their numbers were greatly
reduced
E. some time in the past, that our ancestors suffered an event so as to reduce their numbers greatly,
As per choice A, "at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers"
Q.How/when/what did ancestors suffer ?
A. greatly reducing their numbers
This does not make sense.
so, A is incorrect.
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Please pay close attention to the meaning.Some anthropologists believe that the genetic homogeneity evident in the world's people is the result of a
"population bottleneck"-at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their
numbers and thus our genetic variation.
A. at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers
B. that at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event that greatly reduced their numbers
As per choice A, "at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers"
Q.How/when/what did ancestors suffer ?
A. greatly reducing their numbers
This does not make sense.
so, A is incorrect.
Our ancestors suffered something( an event) and that something reduced their numbers.
That something, therefore, is responsible for their reduced numbers.
The way A is constructed, reduction in numbers can never go back to an event.
i.e
in construction subject+verb+noun2, ving
,ving can never refer to noun2--the noun ,ving touches[1].
However, from context it is clear that we require a construction that can link the information in ,ving part of choice A to noun2 (an event).
Construction in OA( an event that...) is appropriate for this purpose, while the one in choice A is not.
Foot notes:
[1]in Subject,ving, verb construction however, ,ving refers to the subject.
Last edited by Ali Tariq on Tue May 30, 2017 4:00 am, edited 1 time in total.
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Ali Tariq
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,ving modifies clause.As per choice A, "at some time in the past our ancestors suffered an event, greatly reducing their numbers"
Q.How/when/what did ancestors suffer ?
A. greatly reducing their numbers
As it modifies clause( read verb), case can be made in its favour.
reduction is the result/consequence/effect of suffering,( although the effect part has to be immediate; case, again, can be made in its favour).
However, ,ving also refers to the subject of the clause, case cannot be made in its favour.
It is not the ancestors who are RESPONSIBLE for the reduction in their numbers;
It is ,however, an event that our ancestors suffered which is RESPONSIBLE for the reduction in their numbers.
